Essay about Baroque Period (1600-1750) General Background

Baroque Period (1600-1750) General Background The years between 1600 and 1750 were full of contradiction, change, and conflict in Europe. The future would be shaped by the far reaching consequences of war. These conflicts pitted mainly the northern countries (Belgium, Germany, England, Sweden) against the Catholic kingdoms of the south (France, Spain, Austria), and further accentuated the pre-existing cultural differences between Northern and Southern Europe. However, tremendous scientific, philosophical, and artistic accomplishments that constitute the practical foundation of modern civilization flourished side by side with continual warfare, political instability, and religious fervor, bordering on fanaticism. Some of the most†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Absolutism and Patronage: Absolutism in government and the patronage system created an environmentthat fostered enormous growth in the arts. †¢The rise of the bourgeoisie: The new merchant class becomes a supporter of the arts, creating the climate for the development of a Baroque style in Northern Europe, particularly in Holland. The essential, philosophical outlook of the period was characterized by: †¢The emphasis on the individual, the personal character of religious experience, and the use of artistic expression to convey those experiences †¢The rise of capitalism and mercantilism as tools of empire building and financial basis for the rise of the bourgeois class †¢The creation of the baroque style—an art style full of emotion, flamboyancy, symbolism, vigor, and subtlety—largely as a product of the Catholic Church patronage of the arts Aided by philosophy, mathematics, and newly developed instruments and experimental methods, Baroque astronomers, mathematicians, philosophers, and writers, fueled the scientific revolution of the 17th Century by proposing world views that challenged conventional assumptions and questioned established Church dogmas. The scientific advances of this period had a profound impact on all spheres of human activity including the arts and music. The scientific revolution is traditionally considered to be framed between 1543—the year of On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres by NicolausShow MoreRelatedEssay Baroque Art in Europe and North America1408 Words   |  6 Pages Baroque Art in Europe and North America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout this research paper the topic is going to be along the lines of the Baroque Art in Europe and North America, which comes from chapter nineteen of our Art History book. The main purpose is to review major ideas and principles in this chapter by writing an analysis of certain points that were highlighted. For example, certain techniques that were used to define the Baroque Art, major sculptures, architectures, andRead MoreEssay on Opera3072 Words   |  13 Pagesthe pit. The soloists, chorus members and the dancers follow the directions of the conductor. The ancient Greeks blended drama and music, but opera as we know it today developed in Italy in the late 1500s. At first, the music was used mainly for background. However, by the end of the century, the drama and the music were equally important. The opera innovation inspired some of the biggest composers known today. In France, Jean-Baptiste Lully produced a model for courtly opera that influenced FrenchRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagesart needs to be learned too. The definition of beautiful is a fluid concept. Each generation of artists explores new frontiers and ads to the existing pool of artistic language. For example, if you were to ask someone from the Renaissance period to appraise Picassos paintings, Picassos works would most likely be too different from their current understanding of artistic norms for them to fully comprehend and appreciate. Furthermore, new forms and concepts of art have almost never been invented

Creative Development of Robert Schumann - 2049 Words

Concert program: The creative development of Robert Schumann Introduction One of the unique features of the 19th century composer Robert Schumanns output is the degree to which the verbal mediums of literature (such as poetry and drama) affected his musical output. While many operas have been inspired by great literature, Schumanns expression even in his piano compositions and non-verbally oriented musical works show a literary flair. Many of his compositions allude to characters or scenes from poems, novels, and plays; others are like musical crossword puzzles with key signatures or musical themes that refer to people or places important to him (Gifford 2012). Schumann worked as an editor and journalist for a popular musical magazine, the Neue Zeitsfchrift fur Musik, and had a great deal of literary self-consciousness about how he constructed his art (Gifford 2012). Ironically, Schumanns operas were not successful and it is his nonverbal piano works that have solidified his reputation for musical greatness. A number of musical critics have noted that the re is a distinct break in the tone, style, and structure of Robert Schumanns earlier works with his later output. Characterizations like subjective-objective suggest that Schumanns instrumental works of the early 1840s broke cleanly from the music of his past (Brown 2004). His earlier songs of the 1830s are considered to be some of the finest expressions of short, Romantic musical forms. He virtuallyShow MoreRelatedMusic of Robert Schumann as a New Stage in the Development of Romanticism1023 Words   |  4 PagesMusic of Robert Schumann as a New Stage in the Development of Romanticism Music of Robert Schumann embodies many of the most characteristic features of German Romanticism – deep psychological insight, aspiration for the ideal, intimacy, irony and bitterness. 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Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Postoperative ocular loss ( POVL ) after non-ocular surgery is a rare, but lay waste toing complication that has been associated legion types of surgeries and patient hazard factors. Stoelting and Miller ( 2007 ) estimate the incidence of POVL from 1 in 60,965 to 1 in 125,234 for patients undergoing noncardiac, nonocular surgeries, from 0.06 % to 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 113 % in cardiac surgery patients with cardiorespiratory beltway and 0.09 % of prone spinal column surgeries. The demand to understand the causes of POVL and the preventive steps that can be taken to decrease the likeliness of vision loss happening are deductions for anaesthesia suppliers and patients likewise. Consequences of POVL non merely affect the enfeebling impact on the patient ‘s quality of life, but besides the legion medical and legal branchings for the anaesthesia suppliers. Although POVL is considered a comparatively uncommon complication, the demand to understand the frequence of POVL and related hazards and causes are of import issues. In 1999, the American Society of Anesthesiologists ‘ ( ASA ) Committee on Professional Liability established the ASA Postoperative Visual Loss Registry to better understand the job ( Stoelting A ; Miller ) . Reports of loss of vision have occurred after assorted non-ocular related surgical processs. Some illustrations of these are cardiorespiratory beltway, spinal surgery, hip arthroplasty, abdominal processs, craniotomies and processs of the caput and cervix ( Morgan, Mikhail A ; Murray, 2006 ) . The three recognized causes of postoperative ocular loss are ischaemic ocular neuropathy ( ION ) either anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) , cardinal retinal arteria occlusion ( CRAO ) , cardinal retinal vena occlusion ( CRVO ) and cortical sightlessness. Ischemic ocular neuropathy is the most often cited cause of postoperative ocular loss following general anaesthesia with cardinal retinal arteria occlusion from direct retinal force per unit area as a lesser cause. ( Stoelting A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Factors that have been identified as possible perioperative factors for ION include drawn-out hypotension, extended continuance of surgery, prone placement, inordinate blood loss, unneeded crystalloid usage, anaemia, and increased intraocular force per unit area from prone placement. Patient related hazard factors associated with ION include diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, morbid fleshiness, coronary artery disease, and smoke. ( Stoelting A ; Miller, 2007 ) . Literature Review Several retrospective surveies have examined the natural history of POVL after nonocular surgery in an effort to place patients at hazard for POVL and cut down surgical hazard factors. The first, from 1996, Roth, Thisted, Erickson, Black, and Schreider reviewed oculus hurts in 60,985 patients undergoing anaesthesia between 1988 and 1992. The overall incidence of oculus hurt in this survey was 0.56 % . Duration of anaesthesia was found to be an independent hazard factor for oculus hurt. The hazard was further increased with general anaesthesia and endotracheal cannulation and in patients undergoing surgery of the caput or cervix. The bulk of the patients with oculus hurts had corneal scratchs or pinkeye. Merely one patient was found to hold POVL as a consequence of ION. This patient underwent lumbar spinal merger and the writers noted that calculated hypotension and hemodilution were used. In 1997, Stevens, Glazer, Kelley, Lietman and Bradford focused on ophthalmic complications specifically after spinal surgery. Of 3450 spinal column surgeries that the writers reviewed, seven ( 0.2 % ) instances of ocular loss were identified. Four ( 57 % ) of the seven patients suffered ION of which three had PION. Two of the seven patients had occipital infarcts, both of which were embolic. The 7th patient had a CRVO without associated periorbital hydrops or force per unit area mortification. The surgical times ranged from 3-8 hours in these patients. The estimated blood loss ranged from minimum to 8.5 litres. A 3rd survey, besides conducted in 1997, by Myers, Hamilton, Bogoosia, Smith and Wagner, collected patients by beging studies from the Scoliosis Research Study of POVL after spinal surgery every bit good as 10 good documented instances from the spinal literature. They found that longer surgical times and important blood loss were positively correlated with POVL. However, the haematocrit and blood force per unit area degrees were no different than in age matched controls without POVL. Twenty-three of the 37 ( 62.2 % ) patients had ION, 9 ( 24.3 % ) had CRAO, 3 ( 8.1 % ) had occipital infarcts and the staying three did non hold clear diagnosings. The writers concluded that reduced blood force per unit area is by and large good tolerated by patients, but that consideration should be given to set uping a minimal systolic blood force per unit area for each patient. In add-on, the writers recommended presenting long processs and protecting oculus place. More late the American Society of Anesthesiologists POVL register analyzed 93 instances of POVL happening after spinal surgery. The instances were collected via voluntary entry from1999 through June 2005. Eighty three ( 89.2 % ) of the patients had ION and the staying 10 ( 10.8 % ) patients had CRAO. All of the patients were placed prone. Surgical clip exceeded 6 hours in 94 % of the instances. In 34 % of instances the average arterial force per unit area or systolic blood force per unit area ( SBP ) was reduced to 40 % or more below baseline. The average haematocrit was 26 % with 82 % of patients losing one or more litres of blood. All of the patients with CRAO used head restraints alternatively of Mayfield pins and were somewhat younger than the ION patients ( 46 vs. 50 old ages ) . In add-on, 66 % of the ION patients had bilateral ocular loss and none of the CRAO patients did. Ipsilateral periocular injury was more often seen in the CRAO patients ( 70 % vs. 1 % ) than in ION patie nts. They once more identified the hazard of prone placement, blood loss and long surgical times. However, they were unable to definitively delegate a function to hypotension in POVL ( Lee, Roth, Posner, Cheney A ; Caplan, 2006 ) . Another survey examined the published instance studies of ION after spinal surgery in the prone place. The writers found that PION was more often reported than AION ( n = 17 vs. n = 5 ) .3 In the bulk of the instances, some degree of hypotension and anaemia was reported. However, the writers note that the degree of blood force per unit area and anaemia sustained by these patients would be considered acceptable in most anesthesia patterns. Furthermore, the writers observed that average surgical clip was over 7.5 hours. Strategies the writers suggested to avoid postoperative ION included careful usage of deliberate hypotension tailored to the patient ‘s hazard degree and theatrical production of long, complex processs ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Case Study A 62 twelvemonth old male was scheduled for a three degree lumbosacral laminectomy and diskectomy ( L2 through L4 ) . He had a history of high blood pressure, fleshiness, stomachic reflux disease, myocardial infarction 5 old ages antecedently with two stents placed in the LAD, and a 50-pack-year smoke history. The patient had a surgical history of bilateral carpal tunnel release and ventral hernia fix with mesh. No old anaesthetic complications were noted. Current medicines included omeprazole, and Lopressor. He had no known drug allergic reactions. The patient ‘s physical scrutiny revealed an afebrile patient, pulse 67, respirations 16, blood force per unit area 162/92, SpO2 of 95 % on room air. The patient ‘s general visual aspect was a reasonably corpulent adult male in no evident hurt. Airway appraisal revealed a category 2 Malampatti, natural teething and normal cervix scope of gesture. Laboratory findings were hemoglobin 14.4 and hematocrit 40 % . All other haematol ogy, curdling profiles were normal. EKG was normal sinus beat and Chest X ray was normal. The patient underwent a criterions initiation and cannulation. He was turned prone, appendages were good padded and airing and critical marks were satisfactory. The process lasted for 3 hours and during a period of moderate blood loss, the patient had a period of hypotension enduring for about seven proceedingss. His blood force per unit area averaged 95/55 for about 30 proceedingss and for five proceedingss blood force per unit area averaged 80/45. Fluid resuscitation totaled 3 litres of crystalloid. Estimated blood loss was 550ml with a postoperative haematocrit of 29 % . On waking up, the patient did non exhibit any marks of orbital hydrops or POVL. The patient stated that vision was present in both eyes and his neurologic scrutiny was normal. Schemes for bar of POVL ION is the most common cause of POVL and may be designated as anterior ( AION ) or posterior ( PION ) depending on the location of the ocular nervus lesion. Ocular loss of AION is due to infarction at watershed zones within the ciliary arterias of the choroid bed of the ocular disc which flows into the choriocapillaris. The choriocapillaris is an end-arterial circulation with small transverse circulation and may be prone to ischemia. The posterior ocular nervus is served by subdivisions of the ocular arteria and the cardinal retinal arteria ; blood flow to the posterior ocular nervus is significantly less than the anterior ocular nervus ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) . Many interventions have been attempted to change by reversal POVL, including anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, retrobulbar steroid injections, norepinepherine extracts ( to better perfusion force per unit area ) , diphenylhydantoin, osmotic water pills, blood replacing, carbonaceous anhydrase inhibitors, steroids and ocular nervus decompression. The most common forecast of POVL is small return of ocular map ( Lee, et al 2006 ) . ION should be suspected if a patient complains of painless ocular loss during the first postoperative hebdomad and may be noticed foremost on rousing from slumber, when intraocular force per unit area is highest. Pressing opthamologic audience should be sought to analyze the patient comprehensively, set up the diagnosing, and urge farther rating and therapy. Even though forecast tends to be hapless, prompt intervention may be the lone opportunity at retrieving vision ( Ho, Newman, Song, Ksiazek, A ; Roth, 2005 ) . Obvious turning away of force per unit area on the oculus is a primary scheme to avoid ION. However, POVL has been noted in patients besides in the supine place. Current anaesthesia supplier instruction refering turning away of compaction of a patient ‘s eyes has made it a rare intraoperative event. Possibly nore good is keeping acceptable blood force per unit area and haematocrit, particularly in patients with multiple hazard factors. More than one-half of the patients entered in the ASA POVL database were positioned prone and were noted as holding important facial puffiness. When associated with systemic hypotension, optic perfusion force per unit area is diminished. Decreased haematocrit in the presence of other hazard factors seems to patients at hazard for ocular loss. Induced hypotension and hemodilution during prone spinal column instances should be avoided when patients have risk factors for POVL ( Lee, et Al, 2006 ) . How to cite Prevention Postoperative Vision Loss Study Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Cross Cultural Management Management of Cross-Culture

Question: Describe about the Cross Cultural Management for Management of Cross-Culture. Answer: Introduction: This report reflects the importance of the cross-cultural management in the organizations so that an integrated system can be adopted throughout the different section of the business. Management of cross-culture is the new concern in the corporate industry. This has been imported as the effect of globalization of different sector. There was less attention to the approach of cross-cultural management prior to the implementation of FDI Act in different countries; however, numerous corporate sectors have taken initiatives to understand the difference between the beliefs and opinions of the employees belonging to different cultural backgrounds (Thomas and Peterson 2014). This report reflects the attempts of the American company McDonalds to maintain the fundamental Human Rights of the employees in their outlets in Australia. Moreover, this international food chain has its own policies, rules and regulations that are mainly influenced by the conditions of their native country. This report embodies the recommendation for the McDonalds to maintain a parallel approach to coordinate between the legislations and governmental policies of the original country and host country so that any cultural contradiction can be avoided in the company. Cross-cultural overview of the McDonalds in host country Australia: The business of the McDonalds came into force in 1940 in California by two brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. It serves across the 119 countries through the 36,538 outlets; thus, it has become the largest service provider in the international fast food business. Almost 1.7 million people are employed by this food brand. McDonalds operates their business mainly by their own corporation. This international food chain set up their business in Australia in 1971 (Mcdonalds.com.au. 2016). Since their entrance into this country, they have faced both the success and complications in their business. For the recent business scenario, McDonalds is required to sort out the cultural conflicts to expand their business. Australia has its own cultural diversification. There are issues regarding the aboriginals along with the numerous foreign employees. Hence, it is clear that cultural sustainability is required in Australia to survive the extended economy. People from the different cultural back ground have their own beliefs that differ from others. When a company like McDonalds is expanding their business, they must consider the both the economic background and cultural variety present among the nation (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). The report has disclosed that McDonalds authorities are paying less amount of wages to Australian employees leading disappointment to the workers. Employees have reported that this incident has violated the fundamental rights of the workers. Moreover, aboriginals are there, who need additional attention from both the emotional and social aspect. There is dissatisfaction concerning the salaries of the workers of the Australian Mcdonalds are being paid less amount of wage. Lpez-Duarte, Vidal-Surez and Gonzlez-Daz (2015), mentioned that providing less salary to the workers than they deserve directly violates the fundamental rights of the employees. Therefore, McDonalds are required to follow few steps that can help this company to reduce the cultural conflicts in the organization. Microenvironmental factors: Competitors: Competition is one of the threats that can affect the business expansion of McDonaldsThere are few competitors in this sector like KFC, Subway, Hungry Jacks, Dominos Pizza etc. It gets difficult for a company to reach the satisfactory level of the employees if there are other enterprises that have already established strategies to overcome the cultural conflict management (Weber, Festing and Dowling 2013) Customers: The Australian population is comprised of cultural diversity; their practices and beliefs circles through their cultural beliefs (Hislop 2013). McDonalds should not force the employees to practice such activities that can affect their beliefs as it can also leave a negative impact on the customer service. Suppliers: Australia has recognition for the supplying of the food materials and products Therefore, McDonalds can avail their ingredients from various suppliers. Public: Australian population prefers friendly approach in the service sector. They are satisfied when the service providers are more communicative and possessing a casual body language while providing any service (Caligiuri and Tarique 2012). Thus, McDonalds are required to focus on this aspect to make their business goal fulfilled in any host country (here it is Australia). Workers and their Union: Australian council of trade unions is the largest platform that manages the requirements of the employees and act as media between the organizational authority and the workers. McDonalds must work cooperatively with the trade unions so that any inconvenience can be avoided. Macro environmental factors: Australia follows federal parliamentary policies that involve discussion over any issues and taking the decision afterwards. The Australian constitution always encourage business expansion with proper legal guidance. Economic: Service sector dominates the economic scenario of the Australia by contributing 68% of the GDP. All the guest country can enjoy the financial support in Australia during the establishment of their business (Emmerling and Boyatzis 2012). Though there was a market fall due to the recession on 2008, McDonalds has survived that phase in Australia. Social: Australia contains a number of cultural diversity; however, thy possess communicative approach towards each other. Due to the cultural diversity, they have different lifestyles as well as ethnic culture (Howitt et al. 2013). As McDonalds is an American company it is required to monitor the ethnic differences and take action according to the practices and beliefs. Technological: Australia is required to be more advanced in the technological field, thus McDonalds must frame their organization so that any major complications can be avoided. However, these has led to provision of more scope for the application of manual workforce to accomplish the business. Legal: There is set of legislations that guides any organization to build an organizational framework that is without any complication and legal conflicts. Australian legislations are firm towards the health and safety issues of the employees; moreover, the policies are also concern about the unethical and sudden termination of any employee (Karin Andreassi et al. 2014); hence, these aspects are must be followed by any guest company. However, Legal attributes are supportive to any foreign investment making the business expansion of any guest country smooth. Environmental: Australia is enriched with its natural resources and there are environmental concerns creating awareness for the service sector also. McDonalds must abide by the environmental policies to avoid any harmful activities to environment. Cross-culture and Human Resource Management: For this content, there is a huge issue with the giving of minimum wages to the employees in Australian McDonlads. Employees are disappointed and frustrated as authorities have not considered their demand. Human resource management applies the strategies that implements the action that narrows the conflicts among employees and employers. For the cross-cultural management, it can also be effective as it conveys the demands of the employees to the authorities and can arrange bargaining regarding the needs of the employees (Joint 2014). Conclusion: Therefore, this report is relevant to understanding of the cross-cultural conflicts and approaches for their management. To validate the topic McDonalds have been chosen; thus, this report can evaluate the issues one American company (guest company) can face while setting up their business in Australia (host country). As, this report covers all the aspects of the topic it can be further reviewed when conducting any extensive research on the cross-culture management. Reference: Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015.Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Caligiuri, P. and Tarique, I., 2012. Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.612-622. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Dess, G.G., Gupta, A., Hennart, J.F. and Hill, C.W., 1995. Conducting and integrating strategy research at the international, corporate, and business levels: Issues and directions.Journal of Management,21(3), pp.357-393. Emmerling, R.J. and Boyatzis, R.E., 2012. Emotional and social intelligence competencies: cross cultural implications.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,19(1), pp.4-18. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Howitt, R., Doohan, K., Suchetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pearson, S., Cross, S., Lawrence, R., Lunkapis, G.J., Muller, S., Prout, S. and Veland, S., 2013. Intercultural capacity deficits: Contested geographies of coexistence in natural resource management.Asia Pacific Viewpoint,54(2), pp.126-140. Joint, F., 2014. Cross Cultural Management. Karin Andreassi, J., Lawter, L., Brockerhoff, M. and J. Rutigliano, P., 2014. Cultural impact of human resource practices on job satisfaction: a global study across 48 countries.Cross cultural management,21(1), pp.55-77. Lpez-Duarte, C., Vidal-Surez, M.M. and Gonzlez-Daz, B., 2015. Impact of cultural positions on FDIs entry mode.Cross Cultural Management,22(3), pp.509-526. Mcdonalds.com.au. 2016. McDonald's Australia. [online] Available at: https://mcdonalds.com.au/. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Weber, W., Festing, M. and Dowling, P.J. eds., 2013.Management and International Review: Cross-Cultural and Comparative International Human Resource Management. Springer Science Business Media.